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Consolidation is the process of dissipation of excess pore pressure. Due to the dissipation of excess pore pressure, the foundations tend to settle. This settlement is known as consolidation settlement.

Settlement occurs from soil consolidation due to a reduction in voids or spaces between soil particles due to applied loads or changes in moisture content. The loss of moisture in soils causes consolidation.

Differential Foundation Settlement Differential settlement is a condition wherein a building's foundation settles unevenly, often leading to structural damage. Consequentially, the frame of the building may become distorted, floors may slope, and windows and doors may become stuck.

The settlement of saturated cohesive soil consists of the sum of three components; (1) immediate settlement occurring as the load is applied, (2) consolidation settlement occurring gradually as excess pore pressures generated by loads are dissipated, and (3) secondary compression essentially controlled by the

This happens because soil is a two-phase material, comprising soil grains and pore fluid, usually groundwater.The effects of consolidation are most conspicuous where a building sits over a layer of soil with low stiffness and low permeability, such as marine clay, leading to large settlement over many years.

Differential settlement is non-uniform settlement. It is "the difference of settlement between various locations of the structure. Angular distortion between two points under a structure is equal, to the differential settlement between the points divided by the distance between them.

Elastic settlement is on account of change in shape at constant volume, i.e. due to vertical compression and lateral expansion. Primary consolidation (or simply consolidation) is on account of flow of water from the voids, and is a function of the permeability and compressibility of soil.