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For example, the older people get, the more medications they take. America, as a whole, may be taking more medications because the population is getting olderan age effect.

A cohort effect is a change which characterizes populations born at a particular point in time, but which is independent of the process of aging. A period effect is a change which occurs at a particular time, affecting all age groups and cohorts uniformly.

Period effects arise from events and changes happening as time passes by that affect individuals of all ages, for example: wars, famine, policy changes. Finally, cohort effects derive from differences between groups of people who go through a common initial event (e.g. birth) in the same time unit (e.g. year).

An aging effect is a change in variable values which occurs among all cohorts independently of time period, as each cohort grows older. A cohort effect is a change which characterizes populations born at a particular point in time, but which is independent of the process of aging.

When this is so, the diagonals of the rate table represent birth cohorts....The reference range is calculated by the following formulas:Reference Age = (Number of Age Groups + 1)/2.Reference Period = (Number of Periods + 1)/2.Reference Cohort = (Reference Period Reference Age + Number of Age Groups)

An aging effect is a change in variable values which occurs among all cohorts independently of time period, as each cohort grows older. A cohort effect is a change which characterizes populations born at a particular point in time, but which is independent of the process of aging.

Identification problem in APC: APC analysis aims at describing and estimating the independent effect of age, period and cohort on the health outcome under study. The different strategies used aims to partition variance into the unique components attributable to age, period, and cohort effects (4).