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The total settlement of the ground consists of 3 components: immediate settlement (commonly referred to as elastic settlement, although this is a misnomer), consolidation settlement (or primary settlement) and creep settlement (or secondary settlement).

How much foundation settlement is too much? The industry standard is 1 inch of differential settlement in 20 feet. Anything greater than this can be considered too much.

Total settlement for cohesive soils are generally estimated by the sum of immediate settlement, primary consolidation and secondary compression, where immediate settlement usually constitutes a significant portion of the total settlement.

Settlements refer to the soil's movement in the vertical direction typically induced by stress changes.Since soil particles are practically incompressible, consolidation settlements is caused by a reduction in voids due to gradual squeezing out of water.

In geotechnical engineering , settlement is defined as the vertical movement of the ground, generally caused be changes in stresses within the earth. Subsidence is a term often used to described 'caving in' or sinking of the ground, that may not be associated within changes in soil stresses.

Total settlement for cohesive soils are generally estimated by the sum of immediate settlement, primary consolidation and secondary compression, where immediate settlement usually constitutes a significant portion of the total settlement.

Consolidation is the process of dissipation of excess pore pressure. Due to the dissipation of excess pore pressure, the foundations tend to settle. This settlement is known as consolidation settlement.